Nombre del autor:Pedro Razquin

The use of antibiotics with therapeutical or prophylactical purposes is a common practice in livestock. These antimicrobials are often administered to food animals through medicated feedingstuffs. Antibiotics in feedingstuffs Medicated feedingstuffs may be defined as mixtures of veterinary medicinal products and feed intended to be fed to animals because of their therapeutic or preventive features. Antimicrobial products that are part of medicated feedingstuffs must have been authorised for the animal species which the feed is administrated to and must also be included in Council Regulation 2377/90. Medicated feedingstuffs usually contain high antimicrobial concentrations but it depends on the intended aim and physiological-health state of the animals. Common concentrations (mg/Kg of feed) of active substances in medicated feeds range between 50 and several thousands. Why is detection of antibiotic residues in feed interesting? A number of factors might play a role in the unintentional contamination of negative feeds with antibiotics (human error, improper production, handling and storage practices). As a consequence, small amounts of medicated feedingstuff may be left in production line or storage tanks and lead to a cross-contamination of next batches of negative feed. Risks of unintentional presence of antimicrobials in feedingstuffs Several potential risks arise from cross-contamination of negative feeds, both to animals and to consumers: Unexpected antibiotics in feedingstuffs could interact with other medical agents administered to animals. Therefore, a therapeutic failure might be observed associated with economic losses for the producer. A mixture of medicated and non medicated feeds could prompt sub-therapeutic concentrations of antimicrobials in feed, creating and ideal scenario for the induction and transfer of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms. In this way, these antimicrobials could become ineffective against animals pathologies and the resistance mechanisms could even be spread contributing to reduce effectiveness of human medical treatments. Moreover, these unintentional antimicrobials in feed could enter the food chain (eggs, milk, meat, etc) since withdrawal times will not be followed. Researchers have proved that low levels of cross-contamination (2 mg of sulphonamides/kg of feed) can be significantly involved in the presence of residues in animal tissues. In certain circumstances, residues of antimicrobials above maximum residues levels (MRL) could even be found in foods of animal origin. The detection of these illegal products by control mechanisms (self-management plans, Official controls, analysis in industries…) could give rise to considerable economic losses for the producer and legal isssues. In the worst case scenario, these contaminated foods could elude control barriers, reaching the consumer and could be linked to allergic reactions of toxicity in sensitized individuals. However, it is generally assumed that their main risk is the development of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in human pathogens. Methods for detection of antibiotic residues in feed. Different analytical procedures can be chosen to detect antibiotic residues in feed. Since antimicrobials do not share a common chemical structure, it would be advisable to use screening methods if the antimicrobials to be detected are not known. Screening methods are –generally- microbiological tests that allow the analysis of many samples with a single assay. These tests are relatively cheap and and they have a broad spectrum of sensitivity. They are usually easy-to-perform and economical tests capable of distinguish positive samples (samples that may contain antimicrobial residues levels above limits of detection (LOD) of the test). In a second step, more specific methods (immunological and chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry) might be performed with positive screening samples for identification and quantification of the antimicrobial residue. Explorer 2.0 and e-Reader: an innovative tool for antibiotic detection in feedingstuffs Explorer 2.0 is a qualitative test for the detection of inhibitory substances in several matrices and foods (raw meat, kidney, liver, feed and eggs). The test is based on the inhibition of microbial growth and can discriminate samples containing antimicrobial residues above LOD. The use of e-Reader coupled to Explorer 2.0 allows the integration of incubation and reading since the device will stop the assay in the most suitable moment to assure the best test sensitivity performance. Moreover, e-Reader will interpret assay results in an objective manner and store the data, guaranteeing system traceability. Feed sample preparation Weigh 1 ± 0.1 g of ground feed sample, place in a clean tube. Add 20 mL of PBST previously preheated (approximately 40ºC) Homogenise for at least 30 min using a magnetic stirrer or a roller until the sample is fully dissolved. Centrifuge for 15 min at 2000g. Alternatively, filter the mixture using a 0.45 μm filter. The supernatant is ready for the analysis. Test procedure Add 100 μl of sample. Incubation at room temperature for 20min. Remove samples by washing with distilled water. Seal the test tubes. Place the sample tubes in e-Reader to begin the assay. e-Reader will stop automatically the assay and results will be displayed on the screen. Test LOD Explorer 2.0 can detect a wide range of antibiotics in feed. The LOD (μg/Kg) for a number of antimicrobials representing the main families of antimicrobials are shown in the table.

Bacterial infections have been controlled for decades thanks to the efficiency of antibiotics. Now different sectors are warning about the necessity of an appropriate use of these drugs in order to preserve its unrivaled capacity The first studies using sulfonamides to treat infectious diseases began in the early 20th century. In just a few decades these drugs together with penicillin G help to decrease the rate of mortality caused by infections. These drugs have not only been were used in humans, but animals. In the forties and fifties, antibiotics began to be applied in veterinary medicine. Initially animals were treated to cure bacterial diseases or for prophylaxis in healthy animals. But, years later sub-therapeutic doses were discovered as growth promoters in production systems. In parallel with the increasing use of antibiotics, the scientists’ concern about the appearance of antibiotic resistances in bacteria was also growing. Antimicrobial growth promoters in feed were freely available without prescription while the use of antibiotic as therapy was restricted. In 1969, the Swann Committee recommended severe restrictions on antimicrobials in feed; only allowing those with no application as therapeutic agents in humans or animals, among others (Edqvist y Pedersen, 2000). Today, annual figure of deaths due to multiresistant bacteria infection in Europe is 25.000 people (OCU, 2013) and in USA, 23.000 people (CDC-USA, 2013). The sanitary authorities have become aware of this serious problem and therefore since 2006, the use of antimicrobials as growth promoter is forbidden in the European Union. However, this practice is still authorized in countries such as USA, where the 75% of commercialize antibiotics are for veterinary treatment; and China, where this figure reaches 50%. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) considers this problem among the three more serious health risks. The European Union began an ambitious plan in 2011, “Action plan against the rising threats from Antimicrobial Resistance”, than includes the appropriately use of antimicrobials in humans and animals and the improving monitoring and surveillance in human and animal medicine. Citizens are also active part in the resolution of this problem. We should make a responsible use of antimicrobials: only to take them when are prescribed and to observe time and dose treatment. But in addition we also can demand to comply with the rules and force the industry to take more restrictive measures in the use and control of antibiotics. This is happening in USA where consumers require meat without antibiotics and as a consequence, companies and restaurants offer food produced in a responsible manner. The antibiotics control in food has been legislated for years (nº 37/2010). Milk, meat, or fish must comply with legal levels for different antibiotics before being placed in the market. Dairy companies have a long history in antibiotic monitoring whereas in other food sectors the number of analysis is low. Nowadays, farmers, food processors and retailers could easily apply the available analytical tools to ensure that antibiotics are below the legal levels in our food. Just by using these rapid, simple and efficient methods food safety can be assured.